Za pravekou minulosťou severného Slovenska
Ľudské poznávanie sa neustále vyvíja a má vplyv na naše nazeranie na súčasný i minulý svet. Chvíľu sa zdalo, že obraz minulosti, ako nám ho vykresľovali generácie bádateľov, je pevne stanovený, všetko do seba ideálne zapadalo. Ale netušili sme pred niekoľkými desaťročiami, ako výrazne sa rozšíria poznatky v prírodných vedách, ktoré následne otvoria mnohé otázky v archeológii. Obraz minulosti, ako nám ho donedávna vykresľovalo archeologické bádanie, sa v mnohých oblastiach doslova rozsypalo. Nové objavy nám jednoznačne pripomenuli, aké neúplné je naše poznanie a ako vážne môžu prírodné vedy spolu s novými nálezmi otriasť našimi zavedenými predstavami o minulosti. Preto môžeme len uvítať, že naše múzeá reagujú na daný proces a pripravujú nové stále alebo dočasné a zároveň putovné expozície, ktoré približujú nové poznanie o našej dávnej minulosti.
Novú stálu expozíciu s názvom Obraz osídlenia Liptova v praveku a včasnej dobe dejinnej sprístupnilo Liptovské múzeum v Ružomberku. Je veľmi potešujúce, že sa na výstave okrem archeologičky domovského múzea Simony Sliackej podieľali i bádateľky z dvoch špičkových pracovísk archeológie Jana Mellnerová Šuteková z Katedry archeológie FiF UK Bratislava a Lucia Benediková z Archeologického ústavu SAV. Keďže ide o stálu expozíciu, jej koncepcia si vyžadovala starostlivú prípravu, aby zahrnula nielen aktuálnosť ale aj nadčasovosť. Autorkám sa na relatívne malom priestore podarilo prezentovať aktuálny stav poznania Liptovského regiónu od najstarších doložených stôp ľudských aktivít z paleolitu do obdobia, kedy vývoj v Európe ovplyvňovali Rimania (približne do 4. storočia n. l.).
Postupne na jedenástich paneloch sa návštevníci oboznámia s dôležitými lokalitami a s nálezmi z jednotlivých období v regióne Liptova. Jazyk sprievodných textov je síce značne odborný, ale v prípade stálej expozície, ktorá má ambíciu prezentovať stav poznania regiónu Liptova nielen laickej, ale aj odbornej verejnosti, je to skôr pozitívom. Je potrebné vyzdvihnúť prístup autoriek ku koncipovaniu textov. Nie je to však len súpis lokalít a nálezov, ale autorky kládli aj dôraz na rozprávanie o fungovaní pravekej spoločnosti. Súčasťou rozprávania bola snaha ukázať návštevníkom i postupné narastanie archeologického poznania o regióne. V textoch sa tak objavujú nielen informácie o najnovších výskumoch a nálezoch, ale aj o prvých dôležitých objavoch v regióne z minulosti, napr. o Liskovskej jaskyni, ktorá bola skúmaná už na konci 19. storočia, ale pozoruhodné nálezy vydala aj na konci 20. storočia. Pozornosť odborníkov vzbudil nález hromadného hrobu s pozostatkami niekoľkých jedincov (16) z obdobia eneolitu. Podrobný opis nálezovej situácie a jej interpretáciu dopĺňajú fotografie 3D archeologických situácií, ktoré približujú postupný proces archeologizácie nálezu hromadného hrobu.
Výstava je koncipovaná chronologicky. Na prvých troch paneloch sa autorky venovali nálezom z Liptova z obdobia paleolit, neolitu a eneolitu. Obraz osídlenia v obdobia neskorého paleolitu významne dopĺňa nález z roku 2002 z Ružomberka. Pri záchrannom výskume Kaštieľa sv. Žofie sa podarilo odkryť drobnú kamennú industriu, desať rôznych úštepov a čepelí z radiolaritu, silicitu, limnosilicitu a obsidiánu. Liptov zatiaľ mnoho informácií o prvých roľníkoch neprezrádza. Ale ako ukazujú nedávne objavy sídliska kultúry s lineárnou keramikou v Liptovských Matiašovciach, je zrejmé, že nás čakajú ešte mnohé nové prekvapenia.
Doba bronzová dominuje expozícii. Autorky jej venujú najviac priestoru, nielen textami, ale aj nálezmi. Nie je to nič prekvapivé, keďže najmä v období od strednej doby bronzovej, bol nielen región Liptova ale aj ďalšie oblasti severného Slovenska veľmi intenzívne osídlené. Zároveň z Liptova pochádza viacero lokalít, ktoré sú rozhodujúce pre štúdium počiatkov lužickej kultúry, napr. Liptovská Teplá, poloha Skalničky. Ľudskú prítomnosť dokladajú početné sídliská (napr. Liptovský Michal, Liptovský Trnovec a iné), hradiská (napr. Mnich a Sidorovo pri Ružomberku, hradý kopec v Likavke, v Bodiciach v polohe Na jame, Hrádok v Prosieku či Hradištia v Turíku), pohrebiská (napr. Ivachnová), a bohaté poklady bronzových predmetov (napr. Lúčky alebo travertínový lom v Bešeňovej). Ich rôznorodosť – tepané misky, meče, spony, ihlice, puklice, náramky, kosáky a ich jemnú rozmanitú výzdobu môžu návštevníci spoznávať v niekoľkých vitrínach. Mladšia doba železná je na Liptove intenzívne zastúpená Keltmi. Vďaka nim sa do nášho priestoru dostalo niekoľko technologických noviniek – hrnčiarsky kruh a žarnov – ručný kamenný mlyn na mletie obilia.
Je potrebné vyzdvihnúť zámer Simony Sliackej predstaviť návštevníkom i vývoj odievania v priebehu dlhého pravekého obdobia. Zvolila prezentáciu pomocou figurín oblečených do ideálnych replík odevov. Odevy si múzeum objednalo u špecializovanej odborníčky, externej spolupracovníčky Národného múzea v Prahe, Kristýny Urbanovej. Návštevníci môžu spoznať mužský odev záveru staršej doby kamennej pozostávajúci z kožušín a kože zvierat. Ženský odev neskorej doby kamennej, kedy sa pred nepriaznivým počasím chránili i plášťami z trávy. Ženský odev doby bronzovej, ktorého súčasťou boli neobvyklé bronzové šperky a odev Keltov, ktorí obľubovali kárované látky.
Výstava pôsobí veľmi príjemne. Napriek tomu, že ide o jednu pomerne malú miestnosť, podarilo sa architektovi vytvoriť príjemný a vzdušný priestor, kde sa našlo aj miesto pre aktivity s deťmi.
Priaznivci archeológie majú momentálne možnosť spoznávať pravekú minulosť severozápadného Slovenska aj ďalšou výstavou. Hornaté severné Slovensko bolo aj v hlbokom praveku, už od neskorého paleolitu, osídlené. Veľmi intenzívne stopy ľudských aktivít nachádzajú archeológovia po obyvateľstve, ktoré prináležalo ku lužickému kultúrnemu komplexu. Lužická kultúra (14. stor. pred n. l. – 4. stor. pred n. l.) zohrávala takmer desať storočí veľmi dôležitú rolu i v priestore dnešného severozápadného Slovenska. Jej vývoj, podoby a premeny sa rozhodli priblížiť bádatelia troch inštitúcií - Slovenské národné múzeum v Martine, Považské múzeum v Žiline a Oravské múzeum v P. O. Hviezdoslava v Dolnom Kubíne v putovnej výstave Ľudia a poklady lužickej kultúry. Autori výstavy Dominika Andreánska, Marek Both, Barbora Danielová a Zuzana Staneková pripravili síce komornú, ale výpovednú expozíciu o každodennom živote a náboženských predstavách nositeľov lužickej kultúry.
V prvej časti výstavy autori prestavujú vznik a rozšírenie lužickej kultúry a najmä jej prítomnosť v regiónoch Oravy, Považia, Liptova a Turca, ktorú dokumentujú mapou lokalít. Návštevníci sa zároveň oboznámia s jednotlivými druhmi sídel a remeslami. Autori z remesiel vybrali metalurgiu a hrnčiarstvo a obe remeslá starostlivo dokumentovali exponátmi. Návštevníci sa detailne môžu oboznámiť s ihlicami rôznych typov a dĺžok. Niektoré exempláre dosahujú úctyhodnú dĺžku. Pre lepšiu predstavivosť zhotovili archeológovia model hradiska so sídliskom, domu a piecky a tiež pripravili repliku mužského a ženského odevu. Druhá časť výstavy je venovaná pohrebnému rítu nositeľov lužickej kultúry a zároveň sa autori pokúsili naznačiť ich zložité náboženské predstavy. Ich odrazom sú pravdepodobne i mnohé depoty alebo poklady, ktoré sú prezentované buď celé, alebo ich podstatná časť, napr. Tvrdošín-Krásna Hôrka, Martinček, Osádka, Komjatná, Belá-Dulice, Horná Štubňa. Aj v druhej časti výstavy autori pripravili názorné modely – prierez mohylou a rekonštrukciu pohrebnej hranice a žiarových hrobov. Aj keď výstava nevyužíva moderné digitálne technológie pre múzejnú prezentáciu, môžeme z nej vycítiť, že jej autori pracovali na nej so srdcom, vášňou a najmä snahou predostrieť vedecké poznatky širšiemu publiku.
Sprievodné texty výstavy (v slovenčine a angličtine) sú napísané veľmi pútavým a sviežim jazykom. SNM v Martine k výstave poskytuje komentované prehliadky s odborníkom. Pre potreby výstavy pripravili autori i katalóg, ktorý je graficky i textovo vynikajúco spracovaný. Texty sú uvedené v slovenčine a tiež angličtine, čím majú potenciál prilákať aj zahraničných návštevníkov. Výstava sa momentálne nachádza v priestoroch Považského múzea na Budatínskom hradu. Výstava potrvá do 20. októbra a neskôr zase poputuje do Oravského múzea P. O. Hviezdoslava.
Obe výstavy poukazujú na význam dnešného severného Slovenska v dávnej minulosti, najmä v dobe bronzovej i neskôr v dobe železnej. Podľa archeologických nálezov je zrejmé, že daná oblasť pomerne intenzívne priťahovala obyvateľstvo napriek svojmu hornatému povrchu. Ale možno to boli práve hory, ktoré im poskytovali dôležitú surovinu - meď, kvôli ktorej prekonávali nepriazeň terénu.
Autorka textu: Hana Chorvátová
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